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Computer Architecture Input Unit The computer accepts coded information through Central Processing Unit is often called the brain of computer. The CPU is fabricated as a single Integrated Circuit ÃœC) and is also known as microprocessor. required information to the computer. e.g. Keyboard, mouse, etc. An input unit performs the following functions (0 It accepts the instructions and data from A CPU controls all the internal and external devices and performs arithmetic and logic operations, The CPU consists of following main sub-systems the user. Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) () It converts these instructions and data in computer in acceptable format.
It supplies the converted instructions and data to the computer system for further processing. Output Unit This unit sends the processed results to the user. It is mainly used to display the desired result to the user as per input instruction. eg Monitor, printer, plotter, etc. The following functions are performed by an output unit (1) It accepts the results produced by the computer which are in coded form and hence cannot be easily understood by user. ALU contains the electronic circuitry that executes all arithmetic and logical operations on the available data. ALU uses registers to hold the data that is being processed. Most ALUS can perform the following operations
Arithmetic operations (addition, subtraction, multiplication and division). (iii) Bit-shifting operations (shifting or rotating a word by a specified number of bit to the left or right with or without sign extension).
a etronic ystemi (iv) Comparison operations
The number and size of registers vary from processor to processor. (ii) It converts these coded results to human acceptable form
The CPU transfers instructions and input data from main memory to registers, i.e. internal memory. Control Unit (CU) CU coordinates with the input and output devices of a computer. It directs the computer to carry out stored program instructions by communicating with the ALU and the registers. It organises the processing of data and instructions. (1) The CPU executes the instructions in the stored sequence. ) When necessary, CPU transfers output data from registers to main memory. The basic function of control unit is to fetch the instruction stored: the operations and the devices involved in it and accordingly generate control signals. the main memory, identify
Learn, Revise & Practice - Computer Awareness Com Interconnection of Units CPU sends data, instructionIs and information to the components inside the computer as well as to the peripheral devices attached to it. A bus is a set of wires used for interconnection, where each wire can carry one bit of data. In other words, bus is a set of electronic signal pathways that allows information and signals to travel between components inside or outside of a 14 Ins It rep Microprocessor t the controbng element in o computer systom and nomotimes referted to an the chip. Microprocessor is the man hardware that drivea the computor It is a arge Printed Circult Board (PCB).
which is used in al oloctronic systems such as computer, calculator digital systen, etc The speed of CPLI depends upon the type of mioroprocessor used. Intel 4004 was the first microprocessor made by 1971 by scientist Ted Hal and engineer Federico Faggin. Some of the popul microprocessors are Intel, Intel core 7, Dual cora, Pentium N, otc. place exec computer. A computer bus can be divided into two types 1. Internal Bus The internal bus connects components inside the motherboard like CPU and system memory. It is also called the system bus.
Internal bus includes following buses (i) The command to access the memory or the I/O devices is carried by the control bus
External Bus It connects the different external devices; peripherals, expansion slots, I/O ports and drive connections to the rest of computer. It is also referred to as the expansion bus. Ina Another kind of memory is referred to as secondary memory of a computer system. This unit is used to permanently store data, programs and output. This unit does not deal directly with CPU. an ins Motherboard The main circuit board contained in any computer is called a motherboard. It is also known as the main board or logic board or system board or planar board. All the other electronic devices and circnits of computer system are attached to this board like, CPU, ROM, RAM, expansion slots, PCI siots and USB ports. It also includes controllers for devices like the hard driye, DVD drive, keyboard and mouse. In other words, motherboard makes everything in a computer work together. Tit-Bits - UPS (Uninterruptible Power Supply), is an electrical apparatus that provides emergency power to a load when the input power source or mains power falls. - Buffer is a temporary storage where register holds the data for further execution Accumulator is a register in a CPU in vwhich intermediate arithmetic and logic results are stored An unitorm interval of CPU time allocated for use in performing a task is known as time slice.
The speed of processor is measured in millions f aycles per second or megahertz (MHz by clock Components on Motherboard Various components on motherboard are as follows (i) CMOS Battery (i) Fan (ii) BIOS Chip (iv) Expansion Slot speed DMA (Direct Memory Access) is a method that allows an input/output device to send or receive data directly to or from the main memory, by passing the CPU to speed up memory operations.
(v) SMPS (vi) PCI Slot (vii) Processor Chip (viii) Buses
